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An information system is any organized system for the collection, organization, storage and communication of information. A computer Information System (IS) is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information.〔http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information-system.html〕〔http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/INFORM_SYSTE.html〕〔http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287895/information-system〕〔D’Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (2008). "Interdisciplinary Aspects of Information Systems Studies", Physica-Verlag, Springer, Germany, pp. 1-416, doi 10.1007/978-3-7908-2010-2 ISBN 978-3-7908-2009-6〕 The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system. Information system is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an Information System having a definitive Boundary, Users, Processors, Stores, Inputs, Outputs and the aforementioned communication networks 〔Jessup, Leonard M.; Joseph S. Valacich (2008). ''Information Systems Today'' (3rd ed.). Pearson Publishing. Pages ??? & Glossary p. 416〕 Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.〔Kroenke, D M. (2008). Experiencing MIS. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ〕 Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.〔O'Brien, J A. (2003). Introduction to information systems: essentials for the e-business enterprise. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA〕 Alter〔Alter, S. (2003) "18 Reasons Why IT-Reliant Work Systems Should Replace ‘The IT Artifact’ as the Core Subject Matter of the IS Field," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 12(23), Oct., pp. 365-394, http://cais.aisnet.org/articles/default.asp?vol=12&art=23〕〔Alter, S. (2013) "Work System Theory: Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future," Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(2), pp. 72-121.〕 argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.〔Alter, S. (2006) The Work System Method: Connecting People, Processes, and IT for Business Results. Works System Press, CA〕 As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action. Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.〔Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Business Information Systems. Palgrave, Basingstoke〕 ==Overview== Silver et al. (1995) provided two views on IS that includes software, hardware, data, people, and procedures. Zheng provided another (system view of information system ) which also adds processes and essential system elements like environment, boundary, purpose, and interactions. The Association for Computing Machinery defines "Information systems specialists () focus() on integrating information technology solutions and business processes to meet the information needs of businesses and other enterprises."〔The Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005. (Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report (pdf) )〕 There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, learning management systems, database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes. Information technologies are a very important and malleable resource available to executives.〔Rockart et al. (1996) Eight imperatives for the new IT organization Sloan Management review.〕 Many companies have created a position of Chief Information Officer (CIO) that sits on the executive board with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Operating Officer (COO) and Chief Technical Officer (CTO). The CTO may also serve as CIO (Information Officer ), and vice versa. The Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) focuses on information security management. The six components that must come together in order to produce an information system are: # Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This category includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipments. Among the support equipments are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices. # Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the system to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are generally stored on some input / output medium, often a disk or tape. # Data: Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information. Like programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them. # Procedures: Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system. # People: Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most over-looked element of the system are the people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems. This includes "not only the users, but those who operate and service the computers, those who maintain the data, and those who support the network of computers." # Feedback: it is another component of the IS, that defines that an IS may be provided with a feedback (Although this component isn't necessary to function). Data is the bridge between hardware and people. This means that the data we collect is only data, until we involve people. At that point, data is now information. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Information system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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